jineshmaloo

OSI Model

Protocols and Standards Protocols and standards make networks work together. Protocols make it possible for the various components of a network to communicate with each other, and standards make it possible for different manufacturers’ network components to work together. A protocol is simply a set of rules that enable effective communications to occur. Computer networksContinue reading “OSI Model”

Encapsulation-Decapsulation & Different Standard Ethernet Frame Formats

ENCAPSULATION AND DE-ENCAPSULATION Going Down the Protocol Stack Going Up the Protocol Stack For sake of simplicity, assume PC-A and PC-B are on the same piece of copper. Once the destination receives the physical layer signals, the physical layer translates the voltage levels back to their binary representation and passes these bit values up to theContinue reading “Encapsulation-Decapsulation & Different Standard Ethernet Frame Formats”

TCP/IP Protocol & Frame Structure of IP

Introduction Internet addresses allow any machine on the network to communicate with any other machine on the network. TCP/IP provides facilities that make the computer system an Internet host, which can attach to a network and communicate with other Internet hosts The TCP/IP protocol stack actually doesn’t define the components of the network access layerContinue reading “TCP/IP Protocol & Frame Structure of IP”

Transport Layer Protocols TCP-UDP

Transmission Control Protocol TCP segments are encapsulated in the IP datagram 1) Source Port- 2) Destination Port Source Port and Destination Port fields together identify the two local end points of the particular connection. A port plus its hosts’ IP address forms a unique end point. Ports are used to communicate with the upper layerContinue reading “Transport Layer Protocols TCP-UDP”

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to find out the hardware (MAC) address of a device from an IP address. It is used when a device wants to communicate with some other device on a local network (for example on an Ethernet network that requires physical addresses to be known before sendingContinue reading “ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)”

Complete End-End connection Establishment

10.0.1.0/24 PC-A, Switch-A, and Router-A 10.0.2.0/24 Router-A, Hub-A, and Router-B 10.0.3.0/24 Router-B, Switch-B, and PC-B Goal : How PC-A acquires its IP addressing information using DHCP, how DNS works to resolve names, how PC-A and PC-B use TCP to perform telnet, how the three-way handshake occurs, how the switches switch frames, and how the routersContinue reading “Complete End-End connection Establishment”

Establishment of a TCP connection, state diagram

Short introduction to TCP protocol The TCP protocol is used by a large majority of client/server applications like the millions of Internet Web servers. TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and works on the transport network IP (Internet Protocol). TCP is used to exchange data reliably through mechanisms of sequence and acknowledgment, error detection, errorContinue reading “Establishment of a TCP connection, state diagram”

Vlan

A VLAN is a group of devices in the same broadcast domain or subnet. VLANs are good at logically separating/segmenting traffic between different groups of users. VLANs contain/isolate broadcast traffic, where you need a router to move traffic between VLANs. VLANs create separate broadcast domains: they increase the number of broadcast domains, but decrease theContinue reading “Vlan”

IPv4 – Addressing

An IP address is an address used in order to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The address is made up of 32 binary bits, which can be divisible into a network portion and host portion with the help of a subnet mask The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1Continue reading “IPv4 – Addressing”

VECTOR CANoe

Introduction Vector Provide software and Hardware solutions for Automotive Electronics Tools, software components, hardware and services that relieve embedded systems engineers and simplify the development of automotive electronics. Vector tools, software components and services help to develop the mobility of tomorrow Vector provides reliable products and solutions that simplify your complex tasks in different applicationContinue reading “VECTOR CANoe”