AUTOSAR
What is AUTOSAR? AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is a worldwide development partnership of automotive manufacturers, suppliers, and other companies in the electronics, semiconductor, and software industries. AUTOSAR standards are designed for software standardization, reuse, and interoperability. AUTOSAR has implemented a layered architecture similar to OSI model. It has different layers to handle and abstract different operations of…
Software-Defined Vehicles – A Forthcoming Industrial Evolution
What Is a Software-Defined Vehicle? A Software-Defined Vehicle is any vehicle that manages its operations, adds functionality, and enables new features primarily or entirely through software. it reflects the gradual transformation of automobiles from highly electromechanical terminals to intelligent, expandable mobile electronic terminals that can be continuously upgraded. To become such intelligent terminals, vehicles are…
Software Testing Types
Software testing plays a vital role in ensuring the quality, reliability, and performance of software applications. It covers a diverse range of testing types, each designed to address specific aspects of a software system. Based on actions: a. Manual Testing: Manual testing is the process of executing test cases and scenarios without the assistance of…
The Beginning
Introduction to Diagnostics “Gaining Knowledge is first step to wisdom. Sharing it ,is the first step to humanity” -Unknown. This is the first post on my new blog “Automotive Diagnostics”. Diagnostics , OBD-2 , CAN Protocol , CAN FD , Ethernet , Automotive Ethernet ,OSI Layers, VLAN and DOIP. Some of This very hot Buzz…
Overview of Diagnostics
Introduction An automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. It is more than an engine and a body; it is a complex machine that has undergone over a century of evolution Detecting a failure in this complex machine would be a tedious task. However, most of…
Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS)
What is Unified Diagnostic Service (UDS) Protocol? With rapid implementation of electronic embedded systems in vehicles, the need to track and control the vehicle’s different parameters was imperative. Thus, diagnostic systems were developed so that the clients (designers, testers, and mechanics) could detect the faults in the vehicle by connecting their diagnostic tester tool to…
Vehicle Bus System & CAN Protocol Part-1
What is BUS Systems And Why Required? The usual way of doing so is to use a bus system. What are the difference between an OBD-II protocol and a CAN setup? OBD-II is a higher-level protocol used for diagnostic purposes. OBD-II can use one of (many) different bus systems to transfer diagnostic data from and to your car.…
CAN Protocol Part-2
Types of CAN Communication Protocol High-Speed/FD CAN: High-speed CAN is by far the most common physical layer. High-speed CAN networks are implemented with two wires and allow communication at transfer rates up to 1 Mbit/s. Other names for high-speed CAN include CAN C and ISO 11898-2. Typical high-speed CAN devices include antilock brake systems, engine…
CAN Protocol & CAN FD Part-3
Message Addressing And Identification It is worth noting once again that there is no explicit address in the CAN messages. Each CAN controller will pick up all traffic on the bus, and using a combination of hardware filters and software, determine if the message is “interesting” or not. In fact, there is no notion of…
Ethernet
History: The features of Ethernet are as follows: Advantages of using wired Ethernet network • It is very reliable.• Ethernet network makes use of firewalls for the security of the data.• Data is transmitted and received at very high speed.• It is very easy to use the wired network. Disadvantages of using wired Ethernet network…
OSI Model
Protocols and Standards Protocols and standards make networks work together. Protocols make it possible for the various components of a network to communicate with each other, and standards make it possible for different manufacturers’ network components to work together. A protocol is simply a set of rules that enable effective communications to occur. Computer networks…
Encapsulation-Decapsulation & Different Standard Ethernet Frame Formats
ENCAPSULATION AND DE-ENCAPSULATION Going Down the Protocol Stack Going Up the Protocol Stack For sake of simplicity, assume PC-A and PC-B are on the same piece of copper. Once the destination receives the physical layer signals, the physical layer translates the voltage levels back to their binary representation and passes these bit values up to the…
TCP/IP Protocol & Frame Structure of IP
Introduction Internet addresses allow any machine on the network to communicate with any other machine on the network. TCP/IP provides facilities that make the computer system an Internet host, which can attach to a network and communicate with other Internet hosts The TCP/IP protocol stack actually doesn’t define the components of the network access layer…
Transport Layer Protocols TCP-UDP
Transmission Control Protocol TCP segments are encapsulated in the IP datagram 1) Source Port- 2) Destination Port Source Port and Destination Port fields together identify the two local end points of the particular connection. A port plus its hosts’ IP address forms a unique end point. Ports are used to communicate with the upper layer…
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to find out the hardware (MAC) address of a device from an IP address. It is used when a device wants to communicate with some other device on a local network (for example on an Ethernet network that requires physical addresses to be known before sending…
Complete End-End connection Establishment
10.0.1.0/24 PC-A, Switch-A, and Router-A 10.0.2.0/24 Router-A, Hub-A, and Router-B 10.0.3.0/24 Router-B, Switch-B, and PC-B Goal : How PC-A acquires its IP addressing information using DHCP, how DNS works to resolve names, how PC-A and PC-B use TCP to perform telnet, how the three-way handshake occurs, how the switches switch frames, and how the routers…
Establishment of a TCP connection, state diagram
Short introduction to TCP protocol The TCP protocol is used by a large majority of client/server applications like the millions of Internet Web servers. TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and works on the transport network IP (Internet Protocol). TCP is used to exchange data reliably through mechanisms of sequence and acknowledgment, error detection, error…
Vlan
A VLAN is a group of devices in the same broadcast domain or subnet. VLANs are good at logically separating/segmenting traffic between different groups of users. VLANs contain/isolate broadcast traffic, where you need a router to move traffic between VLANs. VLANs create separate broadcast domains: they increase the number of broadcast domains, but decrease the…
IPv4 – Addressing
An IP address is an address used in order to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The address is made up of 32 binary bits, which can be divisible into a network portion and host portion with the help of a subnet mask The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1…
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Automotive Diagnostics 