Category Archives: Uncategorized

What is AUTOSAR? AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is a worldwide development partnership of automotive manufacturers, suppliers, and other companies in the electronics, semiconductor, and software industries. AUTOSAR standards are designed for software standardization, reuse, and interoperability. AUTOSAR has implemented a layered architecture similar to OSI model. It has different layers to handle and abstract different operations ofContinue reading “AUTOSAR”

What Is a Software-Defined Vehicle? A Software-Defined Vehicle is any vehicle that manages its operations, adds functionality, and enables new features primarily or entirely through software. it reflects the gradual transformation of automobiles from highly electromechanical terminals to intelligent, expandable mobile electronic terminals that can be continuously upgraded. To become such intelligent terminals, vehicles areContinue reading “Software-Defined Vehicles – A Forthcoming Industrial Evolution”

Software testing plays a vital role in ensuring the quality, reliability, and performance of software applications. It covers a diverse range of testing types, each designed to address specific aspects of a software system. Based on actions: a. Manual Testing: Manual testing is the process of executing test cases and scenarios without the assistance ofContinue reading “Software Testing Types”

What is Unified Diagnostic Service (UDS) Protocol? With rapid implementation of electronic embedded systems in vehicles, the need to track and control the vehicle’s different parameters was imperative. Thus, diagnostic systems were developed so that the clients (designers, testers, and mechanics) could detect the faults in the vehicle by connecting their diagnostic tester tool toContinue reading “Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS)”

Protocols and Standards Protocols and standards make networks work together. Protocols make it possible for the various components of a network to communicate with each other, and standards make it possible for different manufacturers’ network components to work together. A protocol is simply a set of rules that enable effective communications to occur. Computer networksContinue reading “OSI Model”

ENCAPSULATION AND DE-ENCAPSULATION Going Down the Protocol Stack Going Up the Protocol Stack For sake of simplicity, assume PC-A and PC-B are on the same piece of copper. Once the destination receives the physical layer signals, the physical layer translates the voltage levels back to their binary representation and passes these bit values up to theContinue reading “Encapsulation-Decapsulation & Different Standard Ethernet Frame Formats”

Introduction Internet addresses allow any machine on the network to communicate with any other machine on the network. TCP/IP provides facilities that make the computer system an Internet host, which can attach to a network and communicate with other Internet hosts The TCP/IP protocol stack actually doesn’t define the components of the network access layerContinue reading “TCP/IP Protocol & Frame Structure of IP”

Transmission Control Protocol TCP segments are encapsulated in the IP datagram 1) Source Port- 2) Destination Port Source Port and Destination Port fields together identify the two local end points of the particular connection. A port plus its hosts’ IP address forms a unique end point. Ports are used to communicate with the upper layerContinue reading “Transport Layer Protocols TCP-UDP”

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to find out the hardware (MAC) address of a device from an IP address. It is used when a device wants to communicate with some other device on a local network (for example on an Ethernet network that requires physical addresses to be known before sendingContinue reading “ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)”

An IP address is an address used in order to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The address is made up of 32 binary bits, which can be divisible into a network portion and host portion with the help of a subnet mask The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1Continue reading “IPv4 – Addressing”